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Moreover, management cannot measure uncertainty in terms of volatility, and must instead rely on their perceptions of uncertainty. Unlike financial options, management also have to create or discover real options, and such creation and discovery process comprises an entrepreneurial or business task.

Real options are most valuable when uncertainty is high management has significant flexibility to change the course of the project in a favorable direction and is willing to exercise the options. Real options analysis, as a discipline, extends from its application in corporate finance, to decision making under uncertainty in general, adapting the techniques developed for financial options to 'real-life' decisions. For example, R&D managers can use Real Options Valuation to help them deal with various uncertainties in making decisions about the allocation of resources among R&D projects. Non business examples might be evaluating the cost of cryptocurrency mining machines, or the decision to join the work force, or rather, to forgo several years of income to attend graduate school. It, thus, forces decision makers to be explicit about the assumptions underlying their projections, and for this reason ROV is increasingly employed as a tool in business strategy formulation. This extension of real options to real-world projects often requires customized decision support systems, because otherwise the complex compound real options will become too intractable to handle.

This simple example shows the relevance of the real option to delay investment and wait for further information, and is adapted from 'Investment Example'.Ĭonsider a firm that has the option to invest in a new factory. The question is: when should the firm invest? If the firm invests this year, it has an income stream earlier.

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